Trends in atmospheric deposition and effects on soil water quality and tree nutrition

Long-term forest ecosystem research (LWF) in Switzerland provides detailed results on the impacts of air pollution and climate change on forest soils and tree nutrition. Since the 1980s, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides emissions have significantly decreased in Central Europe. These trends can also be confirmed for emissions in Switzerland. Monitoring data show that sulphate leaching from the soil profile has decreased. Nitrogen leaching has also mostly declined, but not at sites with persistently high nitrogen inputs, where even increasing trends have been observed. Therefore, nitrogen deposition remains a problem despite the overall positive developments. Another critical finding is the ongoing soil acidification, reflected in decreasing pH values and low ratios of base cations to aluminium. The soils buffer the acidic deposition through nutrient leaching and aluminium release. These changes in soil solution chemistry can persist for a long time and impair nutrient availability for trees. This is one of the factors contributing to a significant decline in key nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulphur in the leaves. In summary, the results show that despite the reduction in acidic deposition, the long-term impacts on forest soils and tree nutrition persist, potentially affecting the health and vitality of Swiss forests.